Most of these Cardo’s date from the time of the emperor Justinian in the 6th century, during which time Christianity was at the peak of its power and wealth in the Roman World, although Cardo’s existed in the Roman world long before Justinian.
All of the cities mentioned above also have magnificent churches, or at least the ruins of these churches. For example it is reputed that there were over 200 churches in Jerusalem alone. To name a few: the church of the Ascension on the Mt. of Olives, the church of Dominus Flevit, the church of the agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, the Nea church and of course the church of the Holy Sepulchre and many others.
The Cardo in all these cities is distinguished by rows of columns on either side of a broad street. The columns supported a roof, usually made of red tiles which gave shelter to the citizens on the sidewalk below. Usually there were shops on the sidewalks.
Naturally markets were held on these sidewalks, but that was not the purpose for which they were built. They were built for spectators, who would be the citizens of a city, who would be required to witness daily parades. Each day celebrated feasts of a national, patriotic nature, such as the Emperor’s birthday, or the birthday of one of the saints, (in Pagan times, before the advent of Christianity, the birthdays of the gods, Jupiter, Saturn etc.)
On holy days the saints would march solemnly down the road, accompanied by singers and bell ringers, all colorfully dressed.
The Cardo always connected between two churches (temples in pagan times) so that the procession would proceed from one church to the other. It was especially used by pilgrims on their visits to the holy places, like marching with the cross, as Jesus had done, along the road to Calvary.
Probably the crowd would also be required to stand at the side of the road as a convicted person was being lead to the place of execution. This way the citizens could witness the pursuit of Justice for which the Roman Empire prided itself. Justinian himself was known as the lawgiver.
The Cardo in Jerusalem extends from the Zion Gate, near which are the ruins of the Nea church, the biggest church in the world at that time, to the Damascus Gate, in Roman times the Northern Gate of the city, built by the emperor Hadrian when he built Aelia Capitolina, a city built to the North of the city of Jerusalem which lay in ruins in his day.
He probably built the first Cardo as a procession road leading from the entrance of the city to the temple of Aphrodite along one street and the temple of Jupiter along another.
Constantine the great in the 4th century changed the temple of Aphrodite into the church of the Anastasia or the resurrection, to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, today known as the church of the holy sepulcher. In his day the Cardo lead from the northern gate to the church.
Justinian extended the Cardo to reach his new church, the Nea.
